Encyclopedia of Shinto

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  • 6. Belief and Practice
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1 Hikosan shinkō Beliefs and practices associated with Mt Hiko, in the southern part of Fukuoka Prefecture, Kyushu. Hiko is made up of three peaks: Minamidake, Nakadake, and Kitadake, the highest of which is Minamidake at 1200 m. Formerly "Hiko" was written with the characters 日子, meani...
2 Hōnō The dedication of a votive object or the presentation of a performance with the aim of entreating Shinto and Buddhist deities through prayer or of expressing feelings such as gratitude to them. Together with practices that include praying at shrines and temples, visiting a temple t...
3 Inari Shinkō The cult connected to the kami Inari and Inari's retinue. In addition to its relationship to food or agriculture, Inari faith takes a variety of other forms including "estate kami" ( yashikigami ) and others. Inari faith is widespread and shrines devoted to Inari number m...
4 Ise Shinkō Because Amaterasu ōmikami, the principal kami ( saijin ) at Ise Jingū, is considered an ancestral kami of the imperial house, Ise Shrine is the location of imperial devotion. Moreover, since ancient times it has attracted widespread popular faith as a sacred site. Personal offerin...
5 Ishi shinkō Stone cults in Japan that may be seen as falling into three general categories: (1) what may be called "stone deification" ( shintai ); (2) belief in a "rock abode" ( iwakura ) to which the deity descends; and (3) the concept of iwasaka , an area that has been encirc...
6 Ishizuchi Shinkō Beliefs and practices related to Mt Ishizuchi (1982 m.) in Ehime Prefecture, Shikoku. Nihon ryōiki (ca 823) by Keikai, speaks of a practitioner called Jakusen who trained there, while Montoku jitsuroku (879) tells how Jōsen (上仙), a follower of the priest Shakusen, practiced there ...
7 Itsukushima Shinkō Due to belief in the "Three Female Kami " ( sanjoshin ) of Munakata at Itsukushima Jinja, the Itsukushima kami was worshipped as a protector of fishermen and boats. Itsukushima is also known as a "military kami " ( gunshin ), as seen in this passage from the Ryōjin ...
8 Izumo Shinkō Izumo Shinkō is the faith centered around the shrine Izumo Taisha in Taishamachi, Shimane Prefecture. The "enshrined kami " ( saijin ) Ōkuninushi has many variant names or titles modifying those names, and from these we know that he was worshipped as, among other things, ...
9 Jinin After the end of the ancient period, and mainly in the case of medieval shrines, this term referred to a member of the kannushi 's or gūji (chief priest)'s shrine workers. This was the name for the attendants or low level shrine priests responsible for religious or administrative duti...
10 Junrei, junpai According to idiomatic use, the terms junrei and junpai both refer to a form of "circuit pilgrimage" in which multiple shrines, temples or other religious centers are visited on a single occasion or as part of a single journey, but the term junpai appears to have broader ap...
11 Kaichō Lit., "opening the curtain," the temporary special exhibition of images of kami and buddhas, or other shrine and temple treasures that are normally kept hidden. The practice of kaichō can be found as far back as the Heian period, but the practice spread nationwide in the e...
12 Kamigakari, takusen Kamigakari refers to the possession of a person by a kami or other spirit. It is often followed by takusen , whereby the possessed person serves as a "medium" ( yorimashi ) to communicate the divine will or message of that kami or spirit. Also included in the category of takus...
13 Kashima Shinkō It is possible to think of Kashima faith as the sect based at Kashima Jingū in Kashima-machi, Ibaraki Prefecture, but it can broadly be divided into beliefs related to water, "tutelary of roads" ( sae no kami ), and Kashima shrines. Many regions and shrines bear the name &qu...
14 Kasuga Shinkō Kasuga cult. Kasuga Shrine (Kasuga Taisha) is a shrine located in the foothills of Mt. Mikasa that venerates the divided spirits ( kanjō ) of the kami worshipped at Kashima, Katori, and Hiraoka shrines ( saijin ). Because those kami were the clan deities ( ujigami ) of the Fujiwara fami...
15 Kayu'ura #N/A
16 Kiboku "Tortoise-shell divination" ( kiboku ) is an oracular method practiced since archaic times, whereby a tortoise shell is heated then the outcome of future events is foretold by interpreting the pattern of cracking on the shell. It is also called kizei or kitaku . A popular ...
17 Kisei Kisei , also pronounced as kishō , refers to entreating the kami through prayer and has the same meaning as kitō , kigan and kinen , and so forth. According to Shoku Nihongi , for example, one entry (twelfth month, tenth day, 740) describes how Fujiwara no Hirotsugu (?-740), while leadi...
18 Kishōmon When people form an agreement over a certain matter, they draw up a kishōmon , or "written pledge," to swear to the Shinto and Buddhist deities that they are not falsely representing the truth and will not violate the pledge. It is also simply called a kishō . The format of a ki...
19 Kitō Kitō are magico-religious invocations of the powers of a wide range of Shintō and Buddhist deities in hope of divine favor or protection. The ritual is also referred to as kinen, kigan , or kisei ; it also shares the same meaning as inori and nomi . In ancient times, invocations and offer...
20 Kiu, shiu Kiu refers to praying to kami for rainfall and shiu refers to praying to them for the cessation of rain. Since both are rain-related prayers or rituals, "rainmaking" ( kiu ) and "rain-halting" ( shiu ) are often grouped together. In the earliest record of court-...