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| 1 |
1. Ancient Shinto (1) |
Because Shinto is regarded as a natural or ethnic religion, its origins cannot be clearly specified. Rather, it must be considered a religion that was nurtured over a long history. Kami worship ( jingi saishi ) or shrine Shinto became systematized in a variety of aspects in or just bef... |
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| 2 |
1. Ancient Shinto (2) |
— Kami Rites under the Ritsuryō System — With the establishment of the Ritsuryō system of legal codes from the latter half of the seventh century, Shinto ritual gradually became systematized. The two main pillars of the establishment of the new nation were the Ritsuryō codes and the c... |
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| 3 |
1. Medieval Shinto |
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| 4 |
3. Modern and Contemporary Shinto |
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| 5 |
3. Shinto in the Early Modern Period (0) |
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| 6 |
3. Shinto in the Early Modern Period (1) |
— From Buddhistic Shintō to Confucian Shintō — One of the most conspicuous features of early modern Shintō is the shift from the prominence of Ryōbu Shintō, Sannō Shintō, and other related philosophies based on the combination of buddhas and kami (see shinbutsu shūgō and bukka Shint... |
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| 7 |
Introduction: Belief and Practice |
This portion will address various faiths that had shrines at their center but were broadly disseminated. This will include explanations of mountain beliefs that developed from the medieval to early modern period, kōshin and similar folk cults, varieties of invocations and divin... |
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| 8 |
Introduction: Concepts and Doctrines |
This section explains the basic concepts and terms of Shinto, and gives an overview of Shinto teachings, theology, and the main fields of modern Shinto research. Because Shinto is not a founded religion, it has nothing in the way of a founder's teaching or a divine revelation. The bas... |
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| 9 |
Introduction: Institutions and Administrative Practices |
This section offers explanations of terminology relating to Shintō shrine systems, institutions and administration. The main focus falls on shrine systems, their state foundations and other closely related institutions. An extremely general overview of the characteristic c... |
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| 10 |
Introduction: Jinja |
This section deals with terminology relating to the religious institution of the Shinto jinja , customarily translated as "shrine," including its architectural structures and other facilities, ritual implements, and clerical vestments. Permanent shrine facilit... |
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| 11 |
Introduction: Kami |
The term Shinto is commonly associated with the expression "eight million kami ," indicating the truly immense number of such kami found in the religion, and suggesting the obvious reason why Shinto is usually referred to as a "polytheistic" belief system. B... |
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| 12 |
Introduction: Rites and Festivals |
This chapter deals with terminology relating to Shintō matsuri (ritual ceremonies and festivals). The etymology of the word matsuri has been interpreted as deriving from the verb matsurau , which means to yield to, serve, or give submission to the might of a kami . To wit, the kami inc... |
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| 13 |
Introduction: Schools, Groups, and Personalities |
This chapter covers Shinto-related "branches," "schools," and sects, as well as important personalities related to Shinto. While Shinto is a naturally occurring ethnic religion, it came to be related to national institutions, and also developed deep con... |
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| 14 |
Introduction: Texts and Sources |
This part, divided into two sections, focuses on textual and bibliographic information about works important to the history of Shintō and to an understanding of Shintō thought. After an overview of the genre of "Shintō texts," the first section surveys the significanc... |
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| 15 |
Introduction: The History of Shinto |
This section presents an outline of the history of Shinto from ancient times until the contemporary period, including an explanation of other religions and philosophies that have influenced Shinto, namely, ancient Chinese thought, Buddhism, Onmyōdō, Confucianism, Shugendō, ... |
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| 16 |
Shinto and Ancient Chinese Thought |
— The Japanese Naturalization of Written Chinese — With the start and spread of rice cultivation, the Yayoi period (ca. 300 B.C.E.–300 C.E.) way of life brought with it changes of customs that had prevailed during the preceding Jōmon period (ca. 8000–300 B.C.E.). The fundamental st... |
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| 17 |
Shinto and Buddhism |
— The Introduction of Buddhism — According to Nihon shoki , the official introduction of Buddhism to the Japanese imperial court from Paekche (a kingdom in what is now Korea) occurred in 552 (the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Kinmei). However, according to the Jōgū shōtoku hōō teis... |
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| 18 |
Shinto and Christianity |
Historically, Christianity can be broadly classified into Roman Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant traditions. Roman Catholicism was introduced to Japan during the mid-sixteenth century. In the beginning it was referred to by such names as the Nanbanshū ("sect of the sout... |
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| 19 |
Shinto and Confucianism |
— Early Interaction between Kami Cults and Confucianism — It is very difficult to clearly determine the earliest contacts between Shintō and Confucianism, but a reference can already be found in Nihon shoki 's chronicle of Emperor Kōtoku's reign (r. 645-654) in which the emperor is ... |
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| 20 |
Shinto and Onmyōdō |
While being based on the Chinese theory of yinyang-wuxing (Yin-Yang and the "five phases of matter"), Onmyōdō was a unique Japanese adaptation that established itself around the tenth century. Under the ritsuryō system of state civil and penal codes of classical time... |
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