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| 1 |
1. History (Antiquity) Research | 歴史学的研究（古代） |
— Empirical Research — If we adhere to the broad definition, Shintō is a religious practice or a life style and doctrine that is based in the indigenous concept of the kami . Due to the fact that the ancient Japanese ordered many aspects of their lives according to Shintō, t... |
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| 2 |
2. History (Middle Ages) Research | 歴史学的研究（中世） |
We encounter very difficult problems related to the history of medieval Shintō when we try to comprehend the Middle Ages as a time of jinbutsu shūgō (the fusion of kami and Buddha). The problem is whether it is possible to discuss Shintō history in opposition to the history of Buddhism ... |
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| 3 |
3. History (Early Modern) Research | 歴史学的研究（近世） |
Historical studies of early modern Shinto have been undertaken from the perspectives of political history, socio-economic history, intellectual history, and the history of the ordinary people ( minshūshi ). Concretely this has meant a focus on four areas: (1) the policies of the ... |
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4. History (Modern) Research | 歴史学的研究（近代） |
The history of civilization and Shintō The "history of civilization" ( bunmei shigaku ) that was introduced to Japan in the early Meiji Era assumed a historical progression from a state of primitivity to one of civilization. Evident at the most fundamental level in the de... |
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| 5 |
Aikokushin | 愛国心 |
A compound word that refers to having attachment to one's nation and perceiving one's destiny as identical to that of the nation. The word has taken root as a translation of the word "patriotism." The original meaning of the term is a simple and peaceful love for, or attachm... |
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| 6 |
Akitsumikami | 現御神 |
Commonly written with the characters 現御神, but other ways of writing this term are the following: 現神, 現為明神, 明神, 明神, and 明御神. All of them are read as akitsumikami . The term is applied to deities who come from the spiritual world and clearly appear in this world. Examples of how this term is ... |
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| 7 |
Amatsu tsumi / Kunitsu tsumi | 天つ罪・国つ罪 |
These words occur as a pair in the great purification incantation ( ōharae no kotoba ) of the Engishiki . Amatsu tsumi are the eight crimes committed by Susanoo that disturbed farming in Takamanohara (the Plain of High Heaven). These crimes include breaking down the ridges between ri... |
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| 8 |
Ame no masuhito | 天之益人 |
This term found in the great purification incantation ( oharae kotoba ) of the Engishiki uses the people of the nation of Japan as a metaphor to describe how the population of Takamanohara (the Plain of High Heaven) gradually increases. The word ame is a euphemism that does not necessa... |
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| 9 |
Ametsuchi | 天地 |
The word ame refers to the dwelling place of the heavenly deities ( amatsukami ) beyond the sky. Paired with ame , the term tsuchi means both the ocean and the land. According to Motoori Norinaga, because ame is a land where the heavenly kami reside, everything there is like the actual en... |
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| 10 |
Anthropological Research | 人類学的研究 |
— Theories of Kingship and Structural Analysis — The theoretical impact of anthropology on Shintō scholarship can be divided into two categories: (1) research on the emperor system based on theories of kingship; and (2) mythological research through structural analysis. First, ... |
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| 11 |
Aohitokusa | 青人草 |
This term is used as a noun to refer to people in the world. It is seen for the first time in Kojiki , where it has the same meaning as jinmin, shomin , and tamikusa (all meaning "the people"). Although the term is commonly rendered with the characters 青人草, Nihon shoki uses the ch... |
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| 12 |
Arahitogami | 現人神 |
Another way of writing this term is 荒人神. This is a kami who appears in this world in human form. The word is also used as a term of respect regarding the emperor. As an example of the former usage, in the Yuryaku ki (in the section of the second month of the fourth year) arahitogami appears in ... |
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| 13 |
Aramitama | 荒魂 |
This is one of the ways of referring to a spirit ( mitama ) by its function or inner workings, placing it in opposition to nigimitama . Aramitama is recognized and understood as the ferocious, rough, or violent manifestation of a spirit ( mitama ). Although the nigimitama is the normal c... |
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| 14 |
Archaeological Research | 考古学的研究 |
The archeology of Shintō is a field that focuses on sites and relics relating to rituals, as well as other archeological materials that can shed light on ancient beliefs. As a field of study, Shintō archeology was advocated, outlined and defined by Ōba Iwao in 1935. Ōba dedicated hims... |
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| 15 |
Ashihara no Nakatsukuni | 葦原中国 |
This is another word for the country or the location of Japan. Perhaps the term was considered appropriate because the land was damp and covered with reeds ( ashi ) in ancient times. Examples of other words using the term ashi in describing Japan like toyoashihara no nakatsukuni and to... |
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| 16 |
Batsu | 罰 |
Sanctions or punishment, chiefly of a religious or ethical nature, taken against someone who has committed a sin ( tsumi ) or ritual impurity ( kegare ). The punishment may also term take the form of legal sanction. From ancient times in Japan, those who committed tsumikegare were req... |
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| 17 |
Bunrei | 分霊 |
Dividing the spirit. The term refers to entreating ( kanjō ) a deity enshrined in one location to impart the divine presence to another location. The deity of such a branch shrine ( bunshi , bunsha , niimiya , imamiya ) is a divided spirit of the enshrined deity of the main shrine. For exam... |
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| 18 |
Bunshi | 分祠 |
A branch shrine. From the main shrine, the resident deity ( saijin ) may be entreated ( kanjō ) to impart ( bunrei ) the divine presence to another location as well, through the construction and dedication of a new small shrine ( hokora ) or branch shrine. Such is also called a bunsha , niim... |
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| 19 |
Chinkon kishin | 鎮魂帰神 |
The terms chinkon and kishin are found in the classics but use of the four-character phrase became common only after a Shintō-derived new religion, Ōmoto, began to use it. Here, chinkon refers to the procedures for healing and directing spirits; by extension, it also refers to joini... |
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| 20 |
Chōkoku | 肇国 |
The word may be also pronounced hatsukuni , written as 初国, and it denotes the establishment of the country, or founding of the realm. The tenth monarch, Sujin, is said to be "the first tennō to rule the country." This is variously expressed: in Nihon shoki it says, " hat... |
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